Charging at high voltage (QC, PD) means the device have to do voltage conversion, thus generating heat. Most mobile device will remain at normal mode (5V) when being used while charging.

Lead acid

How Do Lead Acid Batteries Work: Lead Acid Technology » Electronics Notes

How A Car Battery Works - basic working principle - YouTube
TC Projects: Lead-Acid Battery Backup - YouTube

Deep Cycle
SLI (Starting Lighting Ignition)

Lithium rechargeable

Li-ion Lithium Ion Battery » Electronics Notes

Li-Ion cells usually produce 3.7V or 4.2V, so in series can produce 7.4V/11.2V or 8.4V/12.6V.
Cells below 2.8V is considered dead.

18650: 18mm x 65mm, circular
10440: AAA 900-1200mAH
14500: AA, 1800-2600mAH
There are products on Taobao that has embedded USB port for charing without specific charger.

4680 電池開始量產，馬斯克的特斯拉在革了誰的命？為什麼這麼多用戶在期待 4680 電池？ - YouTube
锂离子电池真正的工作原理？很多人都会忽视的细节！没用的知识又增加了！How Lithium-ion Battery Actually Works? - YouTube
固态电池是锂电革命还是空中楼阁？马斯克不屑一顾的发明，为何还没有落地？ - YouTube
The Story Of Electric Vehicle Batteries - YouTube

解读 2019 诺贝尔化学奖(1)电池为什么可以供电？原电池与蓄电池原理 - YouTube
锂离子电池的原理是什么？解读 2019 年诺贝尔化学奖(2) - YouTube

倍量旗舰店-天猫 Tmall.com
Produces 3.2V 磷酸铁锂电池, stub can be added to be use with one li-ion to stand for 2 ordinary batteries.

9v 锂电池 usb 充电_淘宝搜索

ZMI 紫米锂可充电池套装 5 号 4 节可充电锂电池 1.5V 恒压快充 AA 五号充-淘宝网 2900mWh ¥89 2020-12
德力普充电电池锂电 5 号 7 号 1.5v 可充电套装恒压快充 3400mwh-tmall.com 天猫 3200mWh ¥86.3 2020-07

Arduino 的電池 ( STEM project ) | Mister Ngan

Introduction to Battery Chargers (Part 1 of 2)
Tesla's Quest for Better Batteries - YouTube

【享拆】手机充电器更快充电，更小体积的演变史，背后工艺揭秘 -XYZONE - YouTube
This Battery Breakthrough Lets EVs Charge in MINUTES - YouTube Niobium based battery charge more like a capacitor

Sodium rechargeable

电动车缺陷已被解决？划时代钠电池即将发布，比锂更轻更便宜！【我啥也博士】 - YouTube
钠离子电池是颠覆还是炒作？能取代锂离子电池，统治电动车吗？ - YouTube

NiCd

not popular anymore

NiCd Charging: Nickel Cadmium Recharging » Electronics Notes

NiMH

NiMH Nickel Metal Hydride Battery Technology » Electronics Notes
Are AA NiMH Batteries obsolete? Here is everything you need to know about them! - YouTube

Battery Report

Linux

command line - How to check battery status using terminal? - Ask Ubuntu

# enumerate batteries
upower -e
# show battery info
upower -i /org/freedesktop/UPower/devices/battery_BAT0

Windows

6 Ways to Improve Battery Life on Windows Laptops
How to generate a Battery Report in Windows 10 | Windows Central

# open an admin shell
powercfg /batteryreport /output "C:\battery_report.html"

Mechanical Battery

The Mechanical Battery - YouTube
Breakthrough Energy Storage Tech CRUSHES battery prices by 90%! - YouTube
The Mechanical Battery: How Flywheels are Changing the Game - YouTube

This Insane Bus Was ELECTRIC & Didn't Have Batteries! - YouTube
Gyrobus: The Incredible 1950s Flywheel Powered Bus - YouTube

Charging Protocols

USB 1.0, 2.0 cable has 4 pins: +5V, D+, D-, GND
Fast charging protocols used the data pins (D+, D-) to negotiate charging protocol and then using D+ D- for higher voltage/current.

Android DCP: shorts D+ D- (PD1)
Apple 2.4A: 2.4V at D+ D-
Samsung: 2.4V at D+ D-

QC2 and QC3 uses the data lines (D+/D-) for the INOV (Intelligent Negotiation for Optimum Voltage) that changes the voltage on VBUS, which does not conform to the USB Type C spec, so devices supporting QC2/QC3 are not compatible with USB PD.

Quick, Rapid, Fast, and Power Delivery charging explained: What you need to know about charging your smartphone (2019 edition) !important, history of fast charging technologies

Every Fast Charging Standard Explained - YouTube
How fast charging really works — everything you need to know

Qualcomm Quick Charge

Spec for charging at > 5V.

Quick Charge - Wikiwand
Fast Charging Technology | Quick Charge 4, 3.0 and 2.0 Devices | Qualcomm
Qualcomm Quick Charge FAQs | Qualcomm)

QC2: 5V/2A, 9V/2A, 12V/1.67A (18W Max)
QC3: 3.6V-20V, 200mV increments (24W Max?)
QC4 is USB PD compliant (5V/3A, 9V/3A)
Google engineer warns USB-C, Qualcomm Quick Charge are incompatible - ExtremeTech

USB Power Delivery

	電壓@電流輸出	功率
Profile 1	5V@2A	10W
Profile 2	5V@2A 12V@1.5A	18W
Profile 3	5V@2A 12V@3A	36W
Profile 4	5V@2A 12V@3A 20V@3A	60W
Profile 5	5V@2A 12V@3A 20V@5A	100W

USB Type C spec mandates charging current of 3A. Only Type C-Type C cable support PD. Type A-Type C cable current only goes up to 2A.
USB PD compatible device has a maximum charging power of 100W (20V, 5A).

USB (Physical) - Wikiwand
USB.org - USB Power Delivery
USB Type-C and Power Delivery | Getting Started | USB | TI.com
A primer on USB Type-C and power delivery applications and requirements
Getting Nerdy: USB Power Delivery, Type-C Cables, & Third Party Adapters - Playing With Power: A Look At Nintendo Switch Power Consumption
A primer on USB Type-C and Power Delivery applications and requirements
How to Put USB-C Power on ANYTHING (almost) - YouTube charge all things with USB-PD

Ralim/usb-pd: USB-PD driver stack for the FUSB302
PD Buddy Sink | Hackaday.io

All About USB-C: Cable Types | Hackaday
All About USB-C: Power Delivery | Hackaday
All About USB-C: Manufacturer Sins | Hackaday

USB Power Delivery explained
Introduction to USB Power Delivery
USB Power Delivery | Renesas Electronics America
Choosing Your Switch Charger: Challenging Misinformation About Charging Nintendo’s Latest Console

How does USB Power Delivery work with voltages above 5V without damaging 5V peripherals? - Electrical Engineering Stack Exchange

Old spec:
D+, D- is shorted to indicate the source is a charger
5V/1.5A (USB-A), 5V/3A (USB-C C cable)
The Basics of USB Battery Charging: A Survival Guide - Tutorial - Maxim
Overview of USB Battery Charging Revision 1.2 and the Important Role of Adapter Emulators - Tutorial - Maxim

How USB Charging Works, or How to Avoid Blowing Up Your Smartphone - ExtremeTech
USB 1.0, 2.0 cable has 4 pins: +5V, D+, D-, GND
USB 3.0 added 5 more pins
There are three kinds of USB ports: standard downstream port, a charging downstream port, and a dedicated charging port. The first two can be found on PC, the third is "dumb" wall chargers.

E-mark chip

PD over 3A (>60W) requires E-mark chip
USB 3.1 Gen1 (5Gbps) requires E-mark chip

What is an E-mark chip ?
聊聊 Type c 數據線裏面的 E-mark 是個啥玩意！ - 每日頭條
 How to identify the USB-C cables with or without E-maker?

Dash Charge/VOOC

VOOC: 5V/5A
Dash Charge: 5V/4A
The wall charger is responsible to amp up the current, the battery cells are split into two and charges concurrently.

VOOC - Wikiwand
VOOC fast charging - everything you need to know
VOOC fast charging - everything you need to know - YouTube

The world's FASTEST phone charger (SuperVOOC explained) - YouTube
超级闪充超有趣｜且看 OPPO 工程师如何实现这项超能力

Dash Charge Review: OnePlus 3 Dash Charge vs Quick Charge 3.0 charging test
Differences in Dash Charging and Quick Charge 3.0 Explained

OnePlus May Be Renaming Dash Charge to Warp Charge | Digital Trends
Warp Charge could be OnePlus' new name for Dash Charge

Apple

5V 2.4A
Apple devices supports PD via C-to-Lightening cable.

Fast charge your iPhone X, iPhone 8, or iPhone 8 Plus - Apple Support
How to fast charge your iPhone X - The Verge

Power supply

Tester

How to accurately measure (and understand) your smartphone's charging speed

電壓電流表|痞客邦

YZXstudio ZY1276 蓝表 ZY1270 彩表 USB PD TC 电压电流容量测试仪-淘宝网
 YZXSTUDIO ZY1271 飛龍 USB 電壓電流表簡介及測試 @ 港都狼窩 WolfLSI's Den :: 痞客邦 ::

WEB-U3se USB 电压电流表容量-淘宝网
 維簡科技 WEB- U3SE USB 電壓電流表簡介及測試 @ 港都狼窩 WolfLSI's Den :: 痞客邦 ::

具備 PD 測試功能的 Kotomi Pro 雙 Type-C USB 電壓電流表 @ PIXview3C 　 3C 就看痞客 :: 痞客邦 ::

Charger

充电头网 – 我们只谈充电

Now that most laptop supports PD charging, we can use PD charger as laptop adapters. Needs Type-C 45-65W.

Xpower X4WT Travelling $278
Xpower WC3Q3 QC3, Travelling $278
Xpower WC3QT QC3, Travelling $248
Xpower TX-P365QD-GAN, GAN 65W $200?@2021
USB-C, PPS, PD, 65W, QC4
USB-C, PD, 18W
USB-A, QC3

MOMAX UM23 GaN 氮化鎵 100W 4 口快速充電器(國際旅行轉頭)
ONE PLUG GaN 100W 四輸出快速充電器 UM23AUK – Momax Official
Momax UM23UK, GAN, 100W $?@2022
USB-Ax2, 5V/3A (15W max)
USB-Cx2, 5V/9V/12V/15V/3A, 20V/5A, 65W+30W (95W max)

Anker Anker PowerPort Atom III Slim (Four Port) 桌上充電器 – Anker Hong Kong Official Store 146g 90x86.5x20mm ¥186@2021-10
3A1C 多口充，ANKER PowerPort Atom 3 Slim 4 口氮化镓桌面充电器评测（A2045） – 充电头网
USB-Ax3, 5V/2.4A, 20W
USB-C, 5V/2.4A 9V/3A 15V/3A 20V/2.25A, PD 45W

Huwder 120W 充电器 pd 快充头 65w 充电头 macbook pro 笔记本电脑桌面 100W 适配器多口适用于三星 45w 苹果 11 华为小米-tmall.com 天猫 ¥228(雙 11)
拆解报告：HUWDER 鸿达顺 120W 2A2C 四口快充充电器 A1903 – 充电头网
USB-Ax2, 4.5V/5A 5V/4.5A 3.6-6V/3A 6V-9V/2A 9V-12V/1.5A, QC3 18W
USB-Cx2, 5V/3A 9V/3A 12V/3A 15V/3A 20V/2.25A, PD single 100W dual 60W@

ZMI 紫米 65W 桌面充电器头 PD 快充 45W 适用于苹果 MacBook 小米笔记本 NS-tmall.com 天猫 HA932 156g 95x66.5x23mm taobao ¥149(雙 11) taobao ¥170 jingdong ¥199
USB-Ax2, 5V/3A 9V/2A 12V/1.5A, QC3 18W
USB-C, 5V/3A 9V/3A 12V/3A 15V/3A 20V/2.25A, PD 45W
anidees AI CHARGER 65PD+雙輸出充電器開箱 @ 港都狼窩 WolfLSI's Den :: 痞客邦 ::
USB-A, 3.6V-6V/3A、6V-9V/2A、9V-12V/1.5A，QC3 18W
USB-C, 5V/3A、9V/3A、12V/3A、15V/3A、18V/2.5A、20V/2.25A，PD 45W
USB-C, 5V/3A 9V/3A 12V/3A 15V/3A 20V/3.25A, PD 65W QC3 18W
【ANKER 充电器】Anker 安克 USB-C Power Delivery PD 60W 5 口 USB 充电器/多口充电器/充电头支持苹果 MacBook 安卓手机平板黑【行情报价价格评测】-京东 QC3 18W, PD 30W ¥298

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联想 thinkplus 口红电源 65W 充电器 type-c 手机平板笔记本电源适配器-tmall.com 天猫 121g 65W 雙腳 ¥154 (¥199)
联想 ThinkPad thinkplus 口红电源 Type-C 65W 便携旅行快充 X1 X390-淘宝网 ¥155
联想 ThinkPad USB-C 65W thinkplus 口红电源快充便携智能充电器-淘宝网 ¥155

EGO 72W Mighty Charger 170g 8 字腳觀廣 $298
USB-Ax1, 3.6V-6V/3A, 6V-9V/2A, 9V-12V/1.5A QC3 18W
USB-Ax3, 5V/2.8A 14W
USB-C, 5V~20V/3.6A PD 72W

雙 PD + 雙 QC 設計．充電快夾妥 ProMini Qs105 震撼登場 ProMini Qs105 238g 觀廣 $448
USB-Ax2, 3.6-6.5V/3A, 6.5V/3A, 9V-12V/1.5A QC3 20W
USB-C 1, 5V/3A, 9V/3A, 12V/3A, 15V/3A, 20V/3A PD 60W
USB-C 2, 5V/3A, 9V/3A, 12V/2.5A, 15V/2A, 20V/1.5A 30W