Displays

A LCD display consists of two major components:

backlight
liquid crystals (the panel)

LCD panel can be made with different technologies and the quality varies.
The term "TFT" only indicates that each pixel is controlled by an independent transistor. It does not reflect the panel type used. We have to look into the datasheet when comparing LCD models.

The evolution of computer displays | Ars Technica
硬核显示技术系列视频有关显示器显示技术和屏幕一切你需要知道的事 - YouTube
【科技杂谈 75】电子世界之门——显示器的发展历史（上） - YouTube
【科技杂谈 76】【究极干货】显示器的历史 History of Display Technology - YouTube
Advanced Guide on Interfacing with a Video Display

Display Calibration 101: Step-By-Step With Datacolor's Spyder4Elite | Tom's Hardware
Imaging Science And Monitor Calibration | Tom's Hardware
Display Testing Explained: How We Test PC Monitors | Tom's Hardware

7 Things to Consider Before Using Your TV as a Monitor

好屏如潮 - YouTube

2021 buy

2020 显示器选购指南千元篇 | 先看评测 - YouTube
百万光学实验数据，告诉你谁适合打游戏｜ 2022 千元电竞显示器消费者报告 - YouTube
4000 元内显示器选购指南 | 设计剪辑调色 4K 色准 - YouTube
【显示器选购指南】从零开始教你选择「适合」自己的显示器 - YouTube
Monitor Reviews: Best of 2021 - RTINGS.com
Best 1440p Gaming Monitors of 2021, Plus Best Value Picks - YouTube

New Monitors In 2021: What To Expect [Professional, Gaming]
Best Gaming Monitors 2021: Budget, 144Hz and More | Tom's Hardware

2K 价位最值得买的显示器？小米 27 英寸电竞显示器评测 | Xiaomi 144Hz Monitor Review - YouTube ~$2200
【Fun 科技】除去性价比，小米还剩什么？1999 元 2k144 小米带鱼屏评测:让年轻人心动的第一台显示器！ - YouTube
为设计师而生的高颜值 4K 显示器？AOC 创作旗舰系列 U27U2 体验 | AOC U27U2 Monitor Review - YouTube
1999 元 34 英寸带鱼屏飞利浦 342E2 体验 | Philips 342E2 Review - YouTube
【轻电科技】32 英寸 2K 144Hz 的高性价比之选三星 C32JG5 电竞显示器评测 - YouTube ~$3000
「小白測評」小米 34 曲面顯示器是否真香？ 2000 元檔高刷顯示器橫評體驗！ - YouTube $3000

delta E = 2 example
https://youtu.be/6QG0aPK2mDU?t=325

Philips 279C9, 4K, USB-C
BenQ PD2700U
Gigabyte G27Q 1440p 144Hz, G-Sync $2899

2023 buy

電視選購資訊(2023電視比較,推介及消委會評測) - 專題 - 香港格價網 Price.com.hk

真机实测！从 2000 到 3 万块的显示器，谁更值得买？ | 13 款 Mini LED 显示器消费者报告 - YouTube
【2023年4月】显示器保姆级推荐清单！该怎么买？买那款！你想看的都在这边了！小白避坑专辑，建议收藏！ - YouTube

ROG 電競螢幕 OLED PG42UQ 開箱評測優缺點｜ Swift PG48UQ、ASUS 顯示器、華碩電競、LG C2、OLED 電視、4K 電視、電腦螢幕、OLED 缺點、PTT 推薦｜科技狗 - YouTube 48"

飛利浦電視 OLED707 開箱評測優缺點心得｜ Android TV、OLED 電視、Philips 電視、LG C2、OLED 螢幕、OLED.EX、PC 螢幕、電視機、螢幕推薦｜科技狗 - YouTube 48"-65"
OLED806 <-> LG G1
OLED707 <-> LG C2
OLED706 <-> LG C1

2024 buy

Interface

HDMI vs. DisplayPort vs. DVI vs. VGA: Which connection to choose? - CNET
HDMI Vs. DisplayPort: Which Is Better For Gaming? | Tom's Hardware
Does This Connector Even Do Anything? - YouTube only HDMI supports ARC
【显示器线】HDMI 和 DP 谁更强？科普 VGA、HDMI 和 DP 等显示器连接线的区别 - YouTube
DisplayPort vs HDMI: What's Best for High Refresh Rate Gaming? | TechSpot
Why all HDMI cables are the same - CNET
HTG Explains: Do You Really Need Expensive Cables?
How to tell DVI-I and DVI-D cables apart - How-To - PC Advisor DVI-I can carry digital and analog signal
How To Extend Your HDMI Cables - DIY Tech
The Difference Between Converting HDMI to DisplayPort and DisplayPort to HDMI

DisplayPort Dual Mode/DP++ can passively output HDMI signals

【硬件科普】4K144Hz 需要传输多少数据，教你如何正确的计算显示器的带宽需求？ - YouTube

HDMI 2.1 Isn't What It Seems - YouTube since late 2021, must check individual supported features
There's ANOTHER Version of HDMI - YouTube HDMI 2.1a
8K/60Hz, 10K/120Hz
48Gbps
Dynamic HDR
Variable Refresh Rate (VRR)
Auto Low Latency (ALLM)
eARC
Source Based Tone Mapping (reduce latency for HDR)

HDMI ARC and HDMI eARC: everything you need to know | What Hi-Fi?
HDMI ARC and eARC: What They Are and Why You Should Care | Digital Trends

DisplayPort is splittable and daisy-chained (Multi-Stream Transport (MST))
DisplayPort can be carried over USB-C port

VESA 發表全新 DisplayPort 2.1 規格新增頻寬管理功能提升傳輸效率 - 巴哈姆特

Thunderbolt = DisplayPort + PCIe
Thunderbolt 1 and 2 uses Mini DisplayPort port
Thunderbolt 3 also uses USB-C port (with a lighting icon)
Difference Between Thunderbolt 3 and USB-C: EveryMac.com
USB-C and Thunderbolt 3: Here's everything you need to know - CNET
USB4 will support Thunderbolt and double the speed of USB 3.2

HDMI, DisplayPort, VGA, and DVI as Fast As Possible - YouTube
Should You Use HDMI, DisplayPort, or USB-C for a 4K Monitor?

Backlight

Desktop LCD monitors used to use fluorescent lamp (CCFL) as light source.
Recently white LED (WLED) (blue LED with yellow fluorescent coating) has been used to reduce heat dissipation, energy consumption and also allows the monitor to be thinner.

KSF with better color gamut has been used in 2022 and phasing out WLED.

Panel

Single Backlight Source (always on):

LED
Mini LED (many small LEDs as light source, local dimming)
QDLED/QDOLED

Individual Backlight/No Backlight (per pixel light source):

OLED/WOLED (LG)
Micro LED

VRR on Individual Backlight is tricky as reducing frame rate will result in dimming of screen.
TV's panel use the actual frame rate to adjust brightness per frame.

Polarizing layer:

TN (Twisted Nematic): fast response time
VA (Vertical Alignment)
PLS (Plane to Line Switching)
IPS (In-Plane Switching)
Quantum Dots

tl;dr: IPS ~ PLS ~ VA > TN
P-IPS > H-IPS > S-IPS > AH-IPS > E-IPS

Panel Technologies - TN Film, MVA, PVA, IPS, PLS ❗!important
What is an IPS Monitor? A Practical Guide to Understanding Display Technology
LCD Panel Technology: IPS, VA, PLS, AHVA & TN Monitors
Display Tech Compared: TN vs. VA vs. IPS | TechSpot
Display Panel Type Differences Defined - TN vs. IPS, PLS, VA, & More | Gamers Nexus - Gaming PC Builds & Hardware Benchmarks
What is VA (Vertical Alignment) Technology? - YouTube
PLS vs IPS - Which Panel Type Should I Choose? [Simple Guide]
The billion dollar race for the perfect display - YouTube the converging evolution of LCD and OLED, Micro LED is the holy grail but not yet available in 2024

LCD and TFT Monitor Reviews - TFTCentral
LCD, LED, Plasma, OLED TVs as Fast As Possible - YouTube

硬件茶谈
【硬件科普】全网最简洁易懂的 OLED 与 LCD 屏幕工作原理与优劣科普 - YouTube
【硬件科普】显示器的色域和色准是什么东西？他会影响哪些体验 - YouTube
【硬件科普】显示器的色域是越广越好吗？色彩管理说的是什么东西？为什么广色域显示器最好要做色彩管理？ - YouTube
【硬件科普】一个视频带你了解 LCD OLED QLED mini-LED 等显示技术的区别 - YouTube

先看评测
花 76 亿改了一个字？探秘苏州顶级面板工厂 - YouTube TCL bought Samsung's factory
2021 年小米电视的性价比回来了吗？小米电视 6、小米 ES2022 评测 - YouTube demos 分區背光

They Discontinued This Before I Could Buy One! - YouTube Hisense's 2 panels display, high latency

Why is EVERYONE Buying this TV?? - YouTube 65"-75" is the mainstream in 2020
拿 4K 电视做电脑显示器用！显示器和电视到底有什么区别？！ - YouTube
【Joeman】螢幕面板科普！LCD、OLED、Mini LED 優缺點分析！ - YouTube

LG Nano IPS

What Is Nano IPS? [Simple Guide] - DisplayNinja
LG nano-IPS panel, weak dark leading to low contrast (~700 rather than 1000:1 expected of an IPS)
OLED evo (introduced in 2022) increased brightness and contrast of OLED panel

OLED

Making OLED Displays - YouTube
物体为什么会发光？LCD与OLED的区别 - YouTube

先看评测
屏幕居然能打印了？探秘低调的中国顶级面板工厂 - YouTube prints OLED panel to reduce cost, also makes mini LED
中国的 OLED 屏幕，做到什么地步了？ - YouTube LTPO, coating instead of polarizer, under screen camera
一块屏幕浓缩 10 年竞争：国产 OLED 赢了吗？ - YouTube

中国OLED到底做到什么程度了？能不能打赢三星？谈谈中国面板行业的现状 - YouTube
亮度再提三倍？国产 OLED 厂商要用光刻机做屏幕了！ - YouTube

Each pixel in OLED is controlled independently and hence can be completely turned off, saving battery and increasing contrast
However the blue LED will deteriorate over time faster then the other LEDs
And OLED's brightness is limited if the whole screen is bright in order not to damage the OLED itself
LG's WRGB LED used white LED and filter to achieve RGB colors in a pixel, and a white LED to compensate the brightness decrease caused by the filter
Vendors will limit the brightness to make OLED last longer
Masking methodology limits the size of OLED panel, this is solved by Quantum Dot (printing to PCB) and Photolithography

QDLED/QLED/QOLED

Samsung takes the lead, but Chinese companies are also producing QLED displays

QLED vs OLED - Which Is Best? [Simple Guide] - DisplayNinja
QLED vs. OLED vs. LED: Which Should You Buy?
The 4 Reasons I Always Buy a QLED TV (and You Should Too) QLED is brighter than OLED
QLED 螢幕顏色真的比較漂亮？可以做為量子電腦材料的量子點，為什麼能自由調控物理特性？｜量子熊 ✕ 泛科學 EP7 - YouTube
The Future of TVs is NOT What You Think! - YouTube 2020-05, vs MicroOLED
This Goo is the Future of Gaming Monitors - Nanosys Tour - YouTube 2021-12, QDOLED pre-production

QDLED/QDOLED (quantum dot) uses quantum dots film to replace filter
The blue LED/OLED is used as backlight and the colors are produced by excited quantum dots
The quantum dots are printed with mature inkjet printers to the PCB, this solved the Mass Transfer problem faced by Micro LED
This enhances brightness of the LED by not blocking as much light
QD film also has the advantage of emitting light in a narrow band, which is good for color accuracy
OLEDs are also more energy-efficient than QLEDs

QD-OLED
Samsung just made everything else OBSOLETE - YouTube 2022-01, QD-OLED
This isn't Sponsored. - Alienware AW3423DW QD OLED - YouTube 2022-03
三星、苹果路线之争？最新 QD-OLED 显示器评测及技术分析 - YouTube 2022-05
【产品评测】QD-OLED 到底好在哪？三星 G85QB 显示器评测 - YouTube 2023-01
I Hate That This is Sponsored – Samsung QD-OLED Gen 3 - YouTube 2024-01

Mini LED

Why THIS New TV Matters! (Mini LED Explained) - YouTube
Each pixel has its own mini LED as backlight, producing a panel like OLED that archives higher contrast
Halo effect for small object since blocks of mini LED are turned on together
Mini LED 决战 OLED ？华为 2880 分区电视 V75 Super 评测 - YouTube
I REALLY Wanted to Try This... - YouTube Quantum dot + Mini LED, can reach 1000nit

MicroLED

MicroLEDs: Lighting The Way To A Solid OLED Competitor | Hackaday
揭開「新視界」序幕：Micro LED 廠商如何跨越成本、良率瓶頸？ | TechNews 科技新報
 顯示技術的終極戰場，Micro LED 全領域展開 | TechNews 科技新報

When Can I BUY a MicroLED TV? - YouTube
王思聪的新电视 110 寸 110 万详解 MicroLED 技术买电视我就送特斯拉 Model 3 - YouTube
Mini LED in principal is LCD with thousands of regions (~3000 in 2021)
Mini LED have worse viewing angle
Micro OLED「先天硬傷」難贏 Micro LED？AR 顯示技術優劣一次看 | TechNews 科技新報
Both Mini LED and OLED are transitional technologies
未来显示技术 MicroLED 详解「SIGNOW」 - YouTube
MicroLED - Will It Replace OLED? - YouTube OLED pixels (with its carbon based structure) will deteriorate over time, MicroLED uses the same principle (one LED for each color) and eliminates the drawbacks of LCD and OLED; this is when Mini LED solutions reduces the region size to 1 LED
There is limits on how small a MicroLED could be made (in 2022), so MicroLED is only seen on huge screens

MicroLED为什么遥遥无期？“巨量转移”技术为何难量产？一条视频给你详细讲清楚 - YouTube Mass Transfer is the bottleneck for MicroLED

Laser Projector

第四代显示技术：激光 - YouTube
万元光机拆给你看！极米 RS 10 Ultra 投影仪评测 - YouTube
给投影做 CT，揭秘电动变焦到底有多强？Vidda C2 全家桶评测 - YouTube
投影仪选购指南，3000 元 10 款横评 | 极米、坚果、米家、当贝、爱普生、明基、索尼、JVC、大眼橙 - YouTube
27款！3个月！耗资10万！从1000元-10000元双11投影仪选购！ - YouTube

DCI vs RGB

How To Choose 10-bit Gaming Monitor vs. 8-bit Gaming Monitor | BenQ US

Is DCI-P3 better than sRGB for gaming? | BenQ US
MSI Global

HDR

HDR10, Dolby Vision, and HLG: How does high dynamic range video work? | Upscaled - YouTube
HDR or High Dynamic Range as Fast As Possible - YouTube
HDR Standards Explained - HDR10, Dolby Vision, HLG - YouTube
The Cheapest HDR Monitor vs the BEST - YouTube
影视飓风为什么不常做HDR？ - YouTube

What Is HDR10+? Everything to Know About the HDR Format
HDR600, HDR1000 certification is useful
Local dimming prevents clipping in bright areas
DP1.2 does not support HDR, DP1.4 does
HDMI2.0 supports HDR, does not support G-Sync
Cheap HDR is worst than SDR

如何選購 HDR 電競螢幕？買入前你必須瞭解的基礎知識 - 電腦王阿達
 HDR and color management in KWin - Planet KDE

HDR is a SCAM! feat. LG OLED GX 77 - YouTube

The Expanding Gamut of Color on the Web | CSS-Tricks

The Windows HDR Calibration app is here - DirectX Developer Blog