English Language

Initialisms are abbreviations which consist of the initial (i.e. first) letters of words and which are pronounced as separate letters when they are spoken. UK, USA, ...

Contractions are abbreviations in which letters from the middle of the word are omitted. Full stop is not needed for contractions with same endings of the original word (hrs, Mr, Dr). Dr, Ltd.

Etymologies

Etymology - Wikiwand

Online Etymology Dictionary | Origin, history and meaning of English words
Word origins | OxfordWords blog
Mashed Radish – everyday etymology
Glossophilia
The Allusionist

History of English

History of the English language - Wikiwand

English evolved from Proto-Indo-European language

Stems are created with several observed rules:

Vowel Shifts
Consonant Shifts
g k h, d t s, u v w, m n l r, b p m f v
Verner's law - Wikiwand
Grimm's law - Wikiwand
Consonant Shifts for proto-germanic language
Grassmann's law - Wikiwand

Language Evolution: How One Language Became Five Languages
Proto-Germanic and Germanic: Consonant Shifts and Vowel Changes
The Great Vowel Shift: How We Know Language Now
The Processes of Sound Change

The Latin words you don't know you're using - YouTube

0 AD Roman Times imported military Latin words
500 AD Anglo-Saxons imported religious Latin words and a new alphabet
1066 Norman Conquest imported many Latino-French words
the Normans are descendent of Vikings living in Normandy, also influenced by Frank (a West Germanic language)
1485 The Renaissance imported more Latin words
1760 Industrial Revolution imported more Latin words

Is English just badly pronounced French? - YouTube
English originates from the Angles from Germany, hence Angle-lish. Anglo-Saxons arrived England in the 5th century. They unified England in the Norman Conquest lead by William the Conqueror in 1066. This is when the Old English became the Middle English.

Is English really a Germanic language? - YouTube
English is mostly West Germanic, Viking's (Danes) conquest around 793 also bring in Old Norse (North Germanic) language to English
Proto-Germanic language undergone consonant shift under Grimm's law
Verbs do not have future tense
Number counts to twelve

This is the reason why the name of the animal and its meat are different. The animal is Anglelish, the meat is French.
French is used in in government, administration and the elites.

ENGLISH. - YouTube
Tribes and Peoples in History A-C
Why is English spelling so complicated? - YouTube

CAPS Unlock - the history behind uppercase & lowercase letters - YouTube

Audiobooks | The History of English Podcast

Vocabulary

颠覆你对英语词汇的认知! - YouTube
背单词秘诀: "格林定律"? - YouTube
5 天就能記住 1 萬個單詞的方法，老師為什麽不教？用结果说话，因为结果不会骗人一套高效背单词的方法，单词记忆法。快速提高中考高考英语，四级六级考研雅思托福词汇量 - YouTube the order he gave was wrong,he used the modern English word as root, e.g.lun derived from moon, but the fact is the other way round
Peaceful Night - YouTube

sam sem sim syn sy sym syl: same
vit vis vid wis wit: seeing
ang eng ac ank ack anch: acute

Morse code

Morse code is Huffman coding before Huffman coding exists

Morse code - Wikiwand

Hello Morse | Experiments with Google
Morse - Learn
Morse code on Gboard - Android Accessibility Help
如果听到这个声音一定要注意！教你看懂摩斯电码 - YouTube
摩尔斯电码竟然可以用来降维打击，这是怎么回事？【科学火箭叔】 - YouTube

calvindn/morse-node: Morse code encoder / decoder.
neocotic/mor.js: Pure JavaScript library for encoding/decoding Morse code messages

Peculiarities

If you want to fixed some wrongdoing, do you want the amend the act or stick with it?

Allusionist 17: Fix part I — The Allusionist
Allusionist 18: Fix part II — The Allusionist

What are the trickiest rules in English grammar pertaining to commonly used words? - Quora collocation

Contranym: a word with two opposite meanings, e.g. sanction (which can mean both ‘a penalty for disobeying a law’ and ‘official permission or approval for an action’).
Auto-antonym - Wikiwand
75 Contronyms (Words with Contradictory Meanings)

One Sentence With 7 Meanings Unlocks a Mystery of Human Speech | WIRED
"I never said she stole my money" has 7 Different Meanings - Fact-inator

RobWords
This ruined English spelling - YouTube The Great Vowel Shift (~15-18th century, coinciding with the transition ofj Middle English to Modern English and Gutenberg's printing press technology)
The invention that broke English spelling - YouTube Gutenberg's printing press forces English words to have a spelling
The weirdest things about English - YouTube
Words we've ruined. - YouTube skunked/bleached words
Thorough, thought, cough, furlough... Why so many ways of pronouncing OUGH in English? - YouTube

The english language is a giant meme.. - YouTube

Readability

Flesch–Kincaid readability tests - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Flesch Reading Ease Score (FRES)
Flesch–Kincaid Grade Level Score

Readability handbook: Get started with ReadablePro – readable.io
Write Better Stories with this Python Tool - Towards Data Science

What makes writing more readable?
Plain language - Wikiwand
Basic English - Wikiwand

Learning

English Language Centre Study Zone: Welcome!
ELC Study Zone: All Grammar Topics

Learn English Online | British Council
Online courses from British Council

Vocabulary tester

What works the best when learning a new language? - Quora

Grammar

Grammar | Lexico = Oxford Dictionaries
Grammarist - English grammar, usage, and style blog
Learning English Online - GrammarBank
English Grammar | British Council
Grammar Archives - Thesaurus.com

Grammar Checker | Grammarly
Open source alternatives to Grammarly for word processing | Opensource.com

DeepL Translate: The world's most accurate translator
DeepL Write: AI-powered writing companion

语法 - YouTube 英语兔
一个视频说清整个英语语法体系(重塑你的语法认知框架) - YouTube !important
非谓语动词详解: 不定式, 动名词, 现在分词, 过去分词 - YouTube
英语"虚拟语气"就是这么简单(看完就懂!) - YouTube
英语核心语法概念 | 英语兔
 英语介词攻略 (看完就懂) - YouTube

阿滴教文法 - YouTube 阿滴英文
英文文法 Grammar - YouTube 瑪姬英文 English with Maggie
不用背規則!? 這支影片會讓你對英文文法改觀! feat. 旋元佑老師 - YouTube
English Tenses - Grammar Lessons - YouTube

English Grammar: What are the trickiest rules in English grammar pertaining to commonly used words? - Quora
Dear Pedants: Your Fave Grammar Rule is Probably Fake | JSTOR Daily
Grammar rules you can stop sticking to - YouTube

Facts, generalizations and rules:

use simple present tense
use plurals

Part of speech
Phrases
Clauses (main and subordinate)
Connectives can be conjunctions, prepositions or adverbs.

Tense

Tense is a combination of time and aspect (https://youtu.be/is7vn5URVcc?t=1065).
英语语法: 16 种时态终极详解 - YouTube
12 時態懶人包！簡單式/進行式/完成式/完成進行式全部一起搞懂！英文文法大解析！ - YouTube

Time	Aspect
Present	(Non-specific)
Past	Perfect
Future	Continuous
Past Future (from some point in the past)	Perfect Continuous

I am taking/I am going to take: schedule
I will take: recent decision

Preset
Present Perfect: WHAT happened before affecting now
Present Perfect Continuous: WHAT happened before affecting now, may imply change
Past: TIME, need to specify TIME
Past Continuous: EVENT during other past ACTION, need to specify TIME
Past Perfect: WHAT before a past TIME affecting the past TIME, need to specify the past TIME
Future Perfect: WHAT before a future TIME affecting the future TIME, need to specify the future TIME
Perfect Continuous: continuous to a certain point a in time, can be replaced by Perfect tense if the time period is included

Participles | Lexico
Past Participle | Definition of Past Participle by Lexico
form of verb used for perfect and passive tenses
Bored 還是 Boring? 10分鐘搞懂「分詞形容詞」 ft. 瑀熙【阿滴文法家教班】 - YouTube

Verb Tenses Chart - GrammarBank
What Are Active And Passive Verbs? | Lexico

Prepositions

TO 跟 FOR 用法差在哪？要怎麼選？ - YouTube

Style

The Elements of Style
3 shell scripts: Kill weasel words, avoid the passive, eliminate duplicates
btford/write-good

How to use a semicolon - Emma Bryce - YouTube

Linguistics, Style and Writing in the 21st Century - with Steven Pinker - YouTube
The Sense of Style: The Thinking Person's Guide to Writing in the 21st Century - Kindle edition by Pinker, Steven. Reference Kindle eBooks @ Amazon.com.pho
Steven Pinker: Linguistics as a Window to Understanding the Brain | Big Think - YouTube)

language is an app that turns a web of thought (the sematic web) into a string of words
classic style
let the reader see what the writer understands about the reality
reader and writer are equal
style is conversational
better to be clear and possibly wrong, than muddy and "not even wrong"
narrative: agents perform actions that affect objects; avoids normalization/zombie nouns (turning verbs into nouns)
empathize with your reader
contemplative style
oracular style
practical style
postmodern/self-conscious style
used by academics
escape being convicted of philosophical naivete about his enterprise

Punctuation

Punctuation | Lexico

What Are Inverted Commas? | Lexico

General rule: "1, 2 and 3"

What is the Oxford Comma (or Serial Comma)? | Grammarly
Oxford comma (helps in case where there is an "and" in the last item and disambiguates non-defining relative clause):
"apple, orange, fish and chips" vs "apple, orange, fish, and chips" (Oxford comma)

Hyphen for words
en-dash for numbers, need space in between
em-dash used like colon to introduce list, or comma to separate out indefinite relative clause (no space in between)

What Is an En Dash and When to Use It? Thesaurus.com
What Is An Em Dash And How Do You Use It? | Thesaurus.com
Em Dash: When Should I Use It? | Grammarly
How To Use An Em Dash (—) | Lexico

五大句型

五大句型及動詞種類介紹 - YouTube

一次搞懂英文的「五大句型」（7 分鐘懶人包） - YouTube
5 分鐘搞懂「及物動詞」跟「不及物動詞」！ - YouTube

S + V
Peter cooked.
S + V + O
Peter cooked a steak.
S + V + IO (Indirect Object) + DO (Direct Object)
Peter cooked Mary a steak.
S + V + C (Complement)
Peter is happy.
S + V + O + OC (Object Complement)
Peter makes Mary happy.
Peter considers Mary a good friend.