Biology

Evolution: Differential survival and reproduction
Epigenetics: acquired gene, genic expression
To categorize organisms based upon similarities and differences in their physical or genetic characteristics

Coevolution 協同進化: two or more species reciprocally affect each other's evolution
Coevolution - Wikiwand
共同演化 - Wikiwand

Convergent evolution 趨同進化: two unrelated animals evolved similar traits
Convergent evolution - Wikiwand
趨同演化 - Wikiwand

Ecological niche - Wikiwand
生態位 - Wikiwand

Island gigantism - Wikiwand
島嶼巨型化 - Wikiwand

Researchers explain why that picture of monkeys turning into humans is wrong

What is Impossible in Evolution? - YouTube

The Mystery of Earth's Disappearing Giants | IN OUR NATURE - YouTube

Phylogeny

merge with #Taxonomy?

Phylogenetic tree - Wikiwand = Phylogeny
What Is Phylogeny? Definition and Examples

A model that traces the evolutionary history of between organisms.
Phylogenic characteristics are used to help establish taxanomic groupings.

Professor Dave Explains
Phylogeny and the Tree of Life - YouTube ❗!important
Major Divisions of Kingdom Animalia and the Problem With Animal Phyla - YouTube

Evolution & Classification of Life | From Single Celled Bacteria to Humans - YouTube ❗!important

Evolution and Phylogenetics - YouTube Clint Explains

Phylogenetics - Wikiwand
系統發生學 - Wikiwand

Ribosomal RNA sequency
Homology (similarities between organism)
- Genotype
- Phenotype

支序分類學 - Wikiwand
Cladistics - Wikiwand phylogenetic systematics
What is cladistics? How reliable is it?

ETE Toolkit - Analysis and Visualization of (phylogenetic) trees
ete ncbiquery: Fast and handy queries to the NCBI taxonomy database

Taxonomy

生物分類法 - Wikiwand
生物分類學 - Wikiwand
Taxonomy (biology) - Wikiwand
Evolutionary taxonomy - Wikiwand

卡爾·林奈 - Wikiwand
二名法 - Wikiwand
Binomial nomenclature - Wikiwand

"Linnean taxonomy is as much an art form as a science."
There is no real definition of "genus".
There's no scientific way to decide whether a given difference in anatomy is sufficient that two species differ because the idea of a genus is so artificial:.

Ranks other than Genus and Species is not necessary in specifying an species

(Domain 域: Bateria, Eukaryote, Archaea)
Kingdom 界: Plant, Fungus, Animal
(Phylum/Division 門)
Class 綱
Order 目, -iformes/-ia
(Superfamily 超科, -oidae)
(Family 科, -idae)
(Subfamily 亞科, -inae)
Genus 屬, -us
Species 種

中文類可指綱, 目, 亞目, 科

分類階元 - Wikiwand
Taxonomic rank - Wikiwand
What are classification, taxonomy, phylogeny, systematics and cladistics?
What do terms like phylum, order and family mean?

Linnaeus's System of Taxonomic Classification
What Is Phylogeny? Definition and Examples
What Is a Cladogram? Definition and Examples

並系群 - Wikiwand
Paraphyly - Wikiwand
單系群 - Wikiwand
Monophyly - Wikiwand
What do terms like monophyletic, paraphyletic and polyphyletic mean?

國際動物命名規約 - Wikiwand
International Code of Zoological Nomenclature - Wikiwand
Nomen dubium - Wikiwand

模式種 - Wikiwand
Type species - Wikiwand
Type (biology) - Wikiwand

holotype - the single specimen or illustration that the author(s) clearly indicated to be the nomenclatural type of a name
lectotype - a specimen or illustration designated from the original material as the nomenclatural type when there was no holotype specified or the holotype has been lost or destroyed
isotype - a duplicate of the holotype
syntype - any specimen (or illustration) cited in the original description when there is no holotype, or any one of two or more specimens simultaneously designated as types
paratype - any specimen (or illustration) cited in the original description that is not the holotype nor an isotype, nor one of the syntypes
neotype - a specimen or illustration selected to serve as nomenclatural type if no material from the original description is available
epitype - a specimen or illustration selected to serve as an interpretative type, usually when another kind of type does not show the critical features needed for identification